Graphene iatomic layer yekabhoni maatomu akarongwa mune maviri-dimensional hexagonal lattice.. Yakatanga yaiswa yoga mukati 2004 uye kubvira zvino yakwezva vaongorori nemaindasitiri nekuda kwesimba rayo rinoshamisa, flexibility, uye conductivity.
Nzira dzekugadzira dzinosanganisira mechanical exfoliation, kemikari vapor deposition (CVD), uye kuderedzwa kwemakemikari egraphene oxide. Nzira imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvainogumira, kukanganisa kunaka, saizi, uye mutengo wemapepa egraphene anogadzirwa.
Nepo yakachena graphene ichiita seisina chepfu, zvinonetsa zvinomuka kana zvasvika kumapendero emagraphene sheets uye madiki graphene oxide particles., iyo inogona kukonzera njodzi dzehutano kana ikafemerwa. Tsvagiridzo inoenderera mberi ine chinangwa chekujekesa hutano hwenguva refu hwekuratidzwa kwegraphene.
Ehe, kufambira mberi muCVD nemamwe matekiniki akagonesa kugadzirwa kwegraphene pamwero mukuru. Zvisinei, kugadzira zvemhando yepamusoro, yakakura-nzvimbo graphene inoramba iri dambudziko.
Mutengo wegraphene unosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekugadzira nzira uye mhando. Sezvo maitiro ekugadzira achivandudza uye chiyero chinowedzera, mutengo unotarisirwa kudzikira, kuita kuti graphene iwanikwe nyore kune yakapararira maapplication.
Mune chimiro chayo chakachena, graphene haisi yemagineti. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nedoping kana kuswedera kune magineti zvinhu, graphene inogona kuratidza maitiro emagineti, kuvhura mikana mune spintronics uye mamwe magineti maapplication.
Airgel ndeye ultralight, porous solid inoumbwa netiweki yezvimedu zvakasimba zvakabatana mune matatu-dimensional matrix nemhepo inozadza nzvimbo.. Yakatanga kugadzirwa mukati 1931 uye inowanzotsanangurwa se "utsi hwakaoma nechando" nekuda kwekuonekwa kwayo ethereal.
Aerogels inoratidzirwa nekuderera kwavo, high porosity, yakanakisa yekupisa uye acoustic insulation zvimiro, optical transparency, uye kusiyanisa hydrophobicity. Aya maficha anoita aerogels akakodzera kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa.
Aerogels anoshandiswa mukuvaka insulation, aerospace engineering, kuchenesa kupera kwemafuta, catalysis, zvipfeko, midziyo yehondo, uye zvemagetsi, pakati pemamwe minda. Zvimiro zvavo zvakasarudzika zvinobvumira zvigadziriso zvitsva munzvimbo dzinoda zvinhu zvakareruka asi zvinoshanda.
Mutengo weairgel unogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya zvichienderana nerudzi, saizi, uye uwandu. Nepo pakutanga inodhura, kufambira mberi mukugadzira kuri kuderedza mitengo, kuita kuti airgel iwedzere kubudirira mune zvekutengesa kushandiswa kwekutengesa.
Kudzokorodza maaerogels kunopa hunyanzvi matambudziko nekuda kwechimiro chavo chakaoma. Zvisinei, kuedza kuri kuenderera mberi kugadzira nzira dzekudzokorodza kuderedza marara uye kuvandudza kusimba mukushandiswa kweaerogels.
Nepo aerogels achiwanzoonekwa akachengeteka, kungwarira kunofanirwa kutorwa panguva yekubata kudzivirira kufemerwa neguruva, izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema. Yakakodzera kuchengetedza mapuroteni anokurudzirwa kana uchishanda neaerogels.