Graphene waa hal lakab oo atomic ah oo atamka kaarboon ah oo lagu habeeyay shabag laba geesood leh. Markii hore waxay ahayd go'doon 2004 oo tan iyo markaas qabsaday cilmi-baarayaasha iyo warshadaha sababtoo ah xooggeeda gaarka ah, dabacsanaan, iyo habacsanaanta.
Hababka wax-soo-saarka waxaa ka mid ah ka saarista farsamada, kaydinta uumiga kiimikada (CVD), iyo dhimista kiimikada graphene oxide. Hab kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo xaddididdiisa, saameeya tayada, cabbirka, iyo qiimaha xaashida graphene ee la soo saaray.
Halka graphene saafi ah ay u muuqato mid aan sun ahayn, Walaaca ayaa soo baxa marka ay timaado cidhifyada xaashida graphene iyo qaybo yaryar oo graphene ah, Taas oo keeni karta khataro caafimaad haddii la nuugo. Cilmi-baarista socota waxay ujeeddadeedu tahay in la caddeeyo saameynta caafimaad ee muddada-dheer ee soo-gaadhista graphene.
Haa, Horumarka CVD iyo farsamooyinka kale ayaa suurtageliyay soo saarista graphene ee cabbir weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo saarida tayo sare leh, graphene-aagga weyn ayaa had iyo jeer ah caqabad.
Qiimaha graphene aad ayuu u kala duwan yahay iyadoo lagu saleynayo habka wax soo saarka iyo tayada. Marka farsamooyinka wax soo saarku kor u kacaan oo miisaankoodu kordho, kharashka ayaa la filayaa inuu hoos u dhaco, samaynta graphene mid aad u heli kara codsiyada baahsan.
Qaabkeeda saafiga ah, graphene ma aha magnetic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo loo marayo doping ama u dhawaanshaha walxaha magnetic, graphene waxay muujin kartaa dabeecadda magnetic, furitaanka fursadaha spintronics iyo codsiyada kale ee magnetic.
Airgel waa iftiin ultralight ah, dalool adag oo ka kooban shabakad qaybo adag oo ku xidhan matrix saddex-geesood leh oo hawo buuxinaysa meelaha bannaan. Waxaa markii hore lagu abuuray gudaha 1931 waxaana inta badan lagu tilmaamaa "qiiq barafaysan" muuqaalkiisa ethereal awgeed.
Aerogels waxaa lagu gartaa cufnaantooda hoose, porosity sare, sifooyinka kuleyl iyo acoustic aad u fiican, hufnaanta indhaha, iyo hydrophobicity variable. Tilmaamahan ayaa ka dhigaya aerogels ku habboon codsiyo badan oo kala duwan.
Aerogels waxaa loo isticmaalaa dhismaha dahaarka, injineernimada hawada, nadiifinta saliidda daadsan, catalysis, dharka, qalab ciidan, iyo elektarooniga, ka mid ah beeraha kale. Guryohooda gaarka ah waxay u oggolaanayaan xalal cusub oo meelaha u baahan qalab fudud oo waxtar leh.
Qiimaha airgel aad ayuu u kala duwanaan karaa iyadoo loo eegayo nooca, cabbirka, iyo tirada. Halka markii hore aad qaali u ahaa, Horumarka wax soo saarka ayaa hoos u dhigaya qiimaha, ka dhigista Airgel dhaqaale ahaan mid u isticmaali kara ganacsi ahaan.
Dib-u-warshadaynta aerogels waxay soo bandhigaysaa caqabado farsamo oo ay ugu wacan tahay qaabdhismeedkooda adag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Waxaa socda dadaallo lagu horumarinayo hababka dib-u-warshadaynta si loo dhimo qashinka loona wanaajiyo joogteynta isticmaalka aerogels-ka.
Iyadoo aerogels guud ahaan loo arko inay badbaado yihiin, taxaddar waa in la sameeyaa inta lagu guda jiro wax ka qabashada si looga fogaado in boodhka la neefsado, taasoo keeni karta arrimo xagga neefsashada ah. Nidaamyada badbaadada saxda ah ayaa lagula talinayaa marka la shaqeynayo aerogels.