Igraphene ngumaleko weathom enye yeeathom zekhabhoni ezilungelelaniswe kwilathisi emacala mabini anamacala amabini.. Yaqala yodwa ngaphakathi 2004 kwaye ukusukela ngoko iye yabamba abaphandi kunye namashishini ngenxa yamandla ayo akhethekileyo, ukuba bhetyebhetye, kunye ne-conductivity.
Iindlela zokuvelisa ziquka ukukhutshwa komatshini, ukubekwa komphunga kwikhemikhali (CVD), kunye nokunciphisa iikhemikhali zegraphene oxide. Indlela nganye ineengenelo kunye nemida yayo, echaphazela umgangatho, ubukhulu, kunye nexabiso lamaphepha egraphene avelisiweyo.
Ngelixa igraphene esulungekileyo ibonakala ngathi ayinayo ityhefu, iinkxalabo zivela xa kufikwa kwimiphetho yamaphepha egraphene kunye namasuntswana amancinci egraphene oxide, enokuthi ibeke imingcipheko yempilo ukuba itsaliwe. Uphando oluqhubekayo lujolise ekucaciseni iimpembelelo zezempilo zexesha elide zokuvezwa kwegraphene.
Ewe, ukuqhubela phambili kwi-CVD kunye nobunye ubuchule buvumele ukuveliswa kwegraphene kumlinganiselo omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvelisa umgangatho ophezulu, igraphene yendawo enkulu ihlala ingumngeni.
Ixabiso legraphene liyahluka ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuvelisa kunye nomgangatho. Njengoko ubuchule bemveliso buphucuka kwaye isikali sinyuka, iindleko kulindeleke ukuba zehle, ukwenza ukuba igraphene ifikeleleke kusetyenziso olunabileyo.
Kwimo ecocekileyo, igraphene ayinamagnetic. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa idoping okanye ukusondela kwimathiriyeli kazibuthe, igraphene inokubonisa ukuziphatha kwemagnethi, ukuvula okunokwenzeka kwi-spintronics kunye nezinye izicelo zemagneti.
I-Airgel sisibane esikhulu, Ukuqina okuqinileyo okuquka uthungelwano lwamasuntswana aqinileyo adityaniswe kwimatriksi ene-dimensional-dimensional enomoya ogcwalisa izithuba.. Yaqala ukwenziwa ngaphakathi 1931 kwaye isoloko ichazwa njenge "Umsi onomkhenkce" ngenxa yembonakalo yayo ye-ethereal.
I-aerogels ibonakaliswe ngobuninzi babo obuphantsi, i-porosity ephezulu, iipropathi ezigqwesileyo ze-thermal kunye ne-acoustic insulation, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kunye ne-hydrophobicity eguquguqukayo. Ezi mpawu zenza i-aerogels ilungele uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
Ii-aerogels zisetyenziselwa ukugquma isakhiwo, ubunjineli be-aerospace, ukucoca ukuchitheka kweoli, i-catalysis, impahla, izixhobo zomkhosi, kunye nezinto zombane, phakathi kweminye imimandla. Iipropati zabo ezizodwa zivumela izisombululo ezintsha kwiindawo ezifuna izinto ezikhaphukhaphu kodwa ezisebenzayo.
Iindleko ze-airgel zinokuhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kuhlobo, ubukhulu, kunye nobungakanani. Ngelixa ekuqaleni zibiza kakhulu, Inkqubela phambili kwimveliso yehlisa iindleko, ukwenza i-airgel isebenze ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho kusetyenziso lwezorhwebo.
Ukurisayikilisha ii-aerogels kuzisa imingeni yobugcisa ngenxa yobume bazo obuntsonkothileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iinzame ziyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ukuze kuncitshiswe inkunkuma kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza ekusetyenzisweni kwee-aerogels.
Ngelixa ii-aerogels zithathwa njengekhuselekile, Kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okhuseleko ngexesha lokuphatha ukuphepha ukuphefumla uthuli, ezinokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla. Iiprothokholi ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko ziyacetyiswa xa usebenza nge-aerogels.