I-Graphene ungqimba olulodwa lwe-athomu lwe-athomu ye-carbon ehlelwe nge-lattice enezinhlangothi ezimbili ezinezinhlangothi ezine.. Kwaqala kwahlukaniswa phakathi 2004 futhi kusukela lapho ithathe abacwaningi nezimboni ngenxa yamandla ayo angavamile, ukuguquguquka, kanye ne-conductivity.
Izindlela zokukhiqiza zihlanganisa ukucwiliswa kwemishini, ukufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali (I-CVD), kanye nokunciphisa amakhemikhali e-graphene oxide. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo nokulinganiselwa kwayo, ezithinta ikhwalithi, usayizi, kanye nezindleko zamashidi e-graphene akhiqizwayo.
Ngenkathi i-graphene emsulwa ibonakala ingenabo ubuthi, ukukhathazeka kuphakama uma kuziwa emaphethelweni amashidi e-graphene kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ze-graphene oxide, okungase kube yingozi empilweni uma ihogeliwe. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luhlose ukucacisa imithelela yezempilo yesikhathi eside yokuchayeka kwe-graphene.
Yebo, ukuthuthuka kwe-CVD namanye amasu kwenze ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphene ngezinga elikhulu. Nokho, ukukhiqiza izinga eliphezulu, I-graphene yendawo enkulu ihlala iyinselele njalo.
Intengo ye-graphene iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe endleleni yokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi. Njengoba amasu okukhiqiza ethuthuka futhi isikali sikhuphuka, izindleko kulindeleke ukuthi zehle, ukwenza i-graphene ifinyeleleke kalula ezinhlelweni ezisabalele.
Ngesimo sayo esimsulwa, igraphene ayikazibuthe. Nokho, ngokusebenzisa i-doping noma ukusondela ezintweni kazibuthe, I-graphene ingabonisa ukuziphatha kazibuthe, ukuvula amathuba ku-spintronics nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kazibuthe.
I-Airgel iyi-ultralight, okuqinile okuyizimbotshana okuhlanganisa inethiwekhi yezinhlayiya eziqinile ezixhunywe ku-matrix enezinhlangothi ezintathu ezinomoya ogcwalisa izikhala.. Yaqalwa ngo 1931 futhi kuvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "intuthu eqandisiwe" ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo ethereal.
Ama-aerogels abonakala ngokuminyana kwawo okuphansi, i-porosity ephezulu, Izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-thermal kanye ne-acoustic insulation, optical transparency, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-hydrophobicity. Lezi zici zenza ama-aerogel afanele uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ama-aerogel asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-insulation, ubunjiniyela be-aerospace, ukuhlanzwa kokuchitheka kwamafutha, i-catalysis, izingubo zokugqoka, impahla yezempi, kanye nezinto zikagesi, phakathi kweminye imikhakha. Izakhiwo zabo ezihlukile zivumela izixazululo ezintsha ezindaweni ezidinga izinto ezingasindi kodwa ezisebenzayo.
Izindleko ze-airgel zingahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni, usayizi, kanye nenani. Nakuba ekuqaleni kubiza kakhulu, ukuthuthuka kwezokukhiqiza kwehlisa izindleko, okwenza i-airgel isebenze kangcono ngokwezomnotho ukuze isetshenziswe kwezohwebo.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwama-aerogel kuletha izinselelo zobuchwepheshe ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, imizamo iyaqhubeka yokuthuthukisa izindlela zokugaywa kabusha ukuze kwehliswe imfucuza kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusimama ekusetshenzisweni kwama-aerogel.
Nakuba ama-aerogel ngokuvamile abhekwa njengephephile, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho kusingathwa ukugwema ukuhogela uthuli, okungadala izinkinga zokuphefumula. Kunconywa izinqubo zokuphepha ezifanele uma usebenza nama-aerogel.